Expecting the Unexpected: seeking the silver linings ...

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As mentioned in our interim summary and Table 1 (see also Supplementary Table S3 for reported means of parameter values), most studies include different paradigms with slightly different computational approaches, making it difficult to directly compare parameter values across studies.

Finally, there may be alternative paradigms that include an element of ambiguity (unknown probabilities) or risk (known probabilities) when learning. Finally, although not reported here, socioeconomic status, or education levels may differ between studies and/or age groups.

Procurement is closely linked with strategic issues such as compliance and the ability to attract investment and talent.

Besides that we both try to do some volunteer work for people who are not as fortunate as we feel we are. Instead of probabilities, a task environment might depend on more continuous outcomes, such as points gained or the location of a hidden stimulus. Striatum–Medial Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity Predicts Developmental Changes in Reinforcement Learning. For example, one study used computational models to examine uncertainty in social contexts directly and found that adolescents have weaker prior expectations about the social behavior of their peers, which resulted in faster learning about their peers (Ma et al. In the process, it's also helpful to maintain a sense of humor, even of the ridiculous, along the way.The posterior distribution is then used in the decision rule by maximizing the expected utility under the posterior (e. If we look at these separately, however, positive learning rates in children and adolescents showed mixed findings. However, uncertainty is a broad construct and distinct types of uncertainty may differentially influence our learning. Random exploration is thought to be stable across development, but interestingly, the strategic use of directed exploration has been suggested to emerge across adolescence (Somerville et al. The day was still going normally up until then, and right up to the end of the school day, everything still felt fine.